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	 <pre class="pre meta-info">[<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org" title="Document search and retrieval page">Search</a>] [<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7164.txt" title="Plaintext version of this document">txt</a>|<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7164.html" title="HTML version of this document, from XML2RFC">html</a>|<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc7164.txt.pdf" title="PDF version of this document">pdf</a>|<a href="/doc/rfc7164/bibtex/" title="BibTex entry for this document">bibtex</a>] [<a href="/doc/rfc7164/" title="Datatracker information for this document">Tracker</a>] [<a href="/group/avtcore/" title="The working group handling this document">WG</a>] [<a href="mailto:draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second@ietf.org?subject=draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second" title="Send email to the document authors">Email</a>] [<a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?difftype=--hwdiff&url2=draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second-08.txt" title="Inline diff (wdiff)">Diff1</a>] [<a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second-08.txt" title="Side-by-side diff">Diff2</a>] [<a href="https://www.ietf.org/tools/idnits?url=https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second-08.txt" title="Run an idnits check of this document">Nits</a>]

From: <a href="/doc/html/draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second-08">draft-ietf-avtcore-leap-second-08</a>                Proposed Standard</pre>
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    <div class="draftcontent">
    <pre>Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                          K. Gross
Request for Comments: 7164                                  AVA Networks
Updates: <a href="/doc/html/rfc3550">3550</a>                                         R. van Brandenburg
Category: Standards Track                                            TNO
ISSN: 2070-1721                                               March 2014


                          <span class="h1">RTP and Leap Seconds</span>

Abstract

   This document discusses issues that arise when RTP sessions span
   Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) leap seconds.  It updates <a href="/doc/html/rfc3550">RFC 3550</a>
   by describing how RTP senders and receivers should behave in the
   presence of leap seconds.

Status of This Memo

   This is an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in <a href="/doc/html/rfc5741#section-2">Section&nbsp;2 of RFC 5741</a>.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7164">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7164</a>.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to <a href="/doc/html/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust&#x27;s Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (<a href="https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.







<span class="grey">Gross &amp; van Brandenburg      Standards Track                    [Page 1]</span></pre>
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Table of Contents

   <a href="#section-1">1</a>.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-2">2</a>
   <a href="#section-2">2</a>.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-2">2</a>
   <a href="#section-3">3</a>.  Leap Seconds  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-2">2</a>
     <a href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  UTC Behavior during a Positive Leap Second  . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-3">3</a>
     <a href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>.  NTP Behavior during a Positive Leap Second  . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-3">3</a>
     <a href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>.  POSIX Behavior during a Positive Leap Second  . . . . . .   <a href="#page-3">3</a>
     <a href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>.  Example of Leap-Second Behaviors  . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-4">4</a>
   <a href="#section-4">4</a>.  Receiver Behavior during a Leap Second  . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-5">5</a>
   <a href="#section-5">5</a>.  Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-5">5</a>
     <a href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>.  Sender Reports  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-6">6</a>
     <a href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>.  RTP Packet Playout  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-7">7</a>
   <a href="#section-6">6</a>.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-7">7</a>
   <a href="#section-7">7</a>.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-8">8</a>
   <a href="#section-8">8</a>.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-8">8</a>
     <a href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-8">8</a>
     <a href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#page-8">8</a>

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>.  Introduction</span>

   In some media networking applications, RTP streams are referenced to
   a wall-clock time (absolute date and time).  This is accomplished
   through use of the NTP timestamp field in the sender report (SR) to
   create a mapping between RTP timestamps and the wall clock.  When a
   wall-clock reference is used, the playout time for RTP packets is
   referenced to the wall clock.  Smooth and continuous media playout
   requires a smooth and continuous time base.  The time base used by
   the wall clock may include leap seconds that are not rendered
   smoothly.

   This document updates <a href="/doc/html/rfc3550">RFC 3550</a> [<a href="#ref-1" title="&quot;RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications&quot;">1</a>] by providing recommendations for
   smoothly rendering streamed media referenced to common wall clocks
   that do not have smooth or continuous behavior in the presence of
   leap seconds.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>.  Terminology</span>

   The key words &quot;MUST&quot;, &quot;MUST NOT&quot;, &quot;REQUIRED&quot;, &quot;SHALL&quot;, &quot;SHALL NOT&quot;,
   &quot;SHOULD&quot;, &quot;SHOULD NOT&quot;, &quot;RECOMMENDED&quot;, &quot;MAY&quot;, and &quot;OPTIONAL&quot; in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="/doc/html/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="#ref-2" title="&quot;Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels&quot;">2</a>] and
   indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>.  Leap Seconds</span>

   The world&#x27;s scientific time standard is International Atomic Time
   (TAI), which is based on vibrations of cesium atoms in an atomic
   clock.  The world&#x27;s civil time is based on the rotation of the Earth.



<span class="grey">Gross &amp; van Brandenburg      Standards Track                    [Page 2]</span></pre>
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   In 1972, the civil time standard, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC),
   was redefined in terms of TAI and the concept of leap seconds was
   introduced to allow UTC to remain synchronized with the rotation of
   the Earth.

   Leap seconds are scheduled by the International Earth Rotation and
   Reference Systems Service.  Leap seconds may be scheduled at the last
   day of any month but are preferentially scheduled for December and
   June and secondarily March and September [<a href="#ref-6" title="&quot;Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions&quot;">6</a>].  Because Earth&#x27;s
   rotation is unpredictable, leap seconds are typically not scheduled
   more than six months in advance.

   Leap seconds do not respect local time and always occur at the end of
   the UTC day.  Leap seconds can be scheduled to either add or remove a
   second from the day.  A leap second that adds an extra second is
   known as a positive leap second.  A leap second that skips a second
   is known as a negative leap second.

   Since their introduction in 1972, all leap seconds have been
   scheduled in June or December, and they have all been positive.

   NOTE: The ITU is studying a proposal that could eventually eliminate
   leap seconds from UTC.  As of January 2012, this proposal is expected
   to be decided no earlier than 2015 [<a href="#ref-7" title="&quot;The future of the UTC time scale&quot;">7</a>].

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a>.  UTC Behavior during a Positive Leap Second</span>

   UTC clocks feature a 61st second at the end of the day when a
   positive leap second is scheduled.  The leap second is designated
   &quot;23h 59m 60s&quot;.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a>.  NTP Behavior during a Positive Leap Second</span>

   Under NTP [<a href="#ref-8" title="&quot;Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification&quot;">8</a>], a leap second is inserted at the beginning of the last
   second of the day.  This results in the clock freezing or slowing for
   one second immediately prior to the last second of the affected day.
   This results in the last second of the day having a real-time
   duration of two seconds.  Timestamp accuracy is compromised during
   this period because the clock&#x27;s rate is not well defined.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a>.  POSIX Behavior during a Positive Leap Second</span>

   The POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) standard [<a href="#ref-3" title="&quot;Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)&quot;">3</a>] requires
   that leap seconds be omitted from reported time.  All days are
   defined as having 86,400 seconds, but the timebase is defined to be
   UTC, a leap-second-bearing reference.  Implementors of POSIX systems
   are offered considerable latitude by the standard as to how to map
   POSIX time to UTC.



<span class="grey">Gross &amp; van Brandenburg      Standards Track                    [Page 3]</span></pre>
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   In many systems, leap seconds are accommodated by repeating the last
   second of the day.  A timestamp within the last second of the day is
   therefore ambiguous in that it can refer to a moment in time in
   either of the last two seconds of a day containing a leap second.

   Other systems use the same technique used by NTP, freezing or slowing
   for one second immediately prior to the last second of the affected
   day.

   In some cases, leap seconds are accommodated by warping time [<a href="#ref-5" title="&quot;Coordinated Universal Time with Smoothed Leap Seconds (UTC-SLS)&quot;">5</a>] [<a href="#ref-4" title="&quot;Time, technology and leaping seconds&quot;">4</a>];
   that is, the length of the second in the vicinity of a leap second is
   slightly altered.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a>.  Example of Leap-Second Behaviors</span>

   Table 1 illustrates the positive leap second that occurred June 30,
   2012 when the offset between TAI and UTC changed from 34 to 35
   seconds.  The first column shows RTP timestamps for an 8 kHz audio
   stream.  The second column shows the TAI reference.  The following
   columns show behavior for the leap-second-bearing wall clocks
   described above.  Time values are shown at half-second intervals.

   +-------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
   |  RTP  |     TAI      |     UTC      |    POSIX     |     NTP      |
   +-------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
   |  8000 | 00:00:32.500 | 23:59:58.500 | 23:59:58.500 | 23:59:58.500 |
   | 12000 | 00:00:33.000 | 23:59:59.000 | 23:59:59.000 | 23:59:59.000 |
   | 16000 | 00:00:33.500 | 23:59:59.500 | 23:59:59.500 | 23:59:59.500 |
   | 20000 | 00:00:34.000 | 23:59:60.000 | 23:59:59.000 | 00:00:00.000 |
   | 24000 | 00:00:34.500 | 23:59:60.500 | 23:59:59.500 | 00:00:00.000 |
   | 28000 | 00:00:35.000 | 00:00:00.000 | 00:00:00.000 | 00:00:00.000 |
   | 32000 | 00:00:35.500 | 00:00:00.500 | 00:00:00.500 | 00:00:00.500 |
   +-------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

                  Table 1: Positive Leap-Second Behavior

   NOTE: Some NTP implementations do not entirely freeze the clock while
   the leap second is inserted.  Successive calls to retrieve system
   time return infinitesimally larger (e.g., 1 microsecond or 1
   nanosecond larger) time values.  This behavior is designed to satisfy
   assumptions applications may make that time increases monotonically.
   This behavior occurs in the least-significant bits of the time value
   and so is not typically visible in the human-readable format shown in
   the table.







<span class="grey">Gross &amp; van Brandenburg      Standards Track                    [Page 4]</span></pre>
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   NOTE: POSIX implementations vary.  The implementation shown here
   repeats the last second of the affected day.  Other implementations
   mirror NTP behavior or alter the length of a second in the vicinity
   of the leap second.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>.  Receiver Behavior during a Leap Second</span>

   Timestamps generated during a leap second may be ambiguous or
   interpreted differently by a sender and receiver or interpreted
   differently by different receivers.

   Without prior knowledge of the leap-second schedule, NTP servers and
   clients may become offset by exactly one second with respect to their
   UTC reference.  This potential discrepancy begins when a leap second
   occurs and ends when all participants receive a time update from a
   server or peer.  Depending on the system implementation, the offset
   can last anywhere from a few seconds to a few days.  A long-lived
   discrepancy can be particularly disruptive to operation of NTP-
   referenced RTP streams.

   These discrepancies, depending on direction, may cause receivers to
   think they are receiving RTP packets after they should be played or
   to attempt to buffer received data an additional second before
   playing it.  Either situation can cause an interruption in playback.
   Some receivers may automatically recognize an unexpected offset and
   resynchronize to the stream to accommodate it.  Once the offset is
   resolved, such receivers may need to resynchronize again.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>.  Recommendations</span>

   Senders and receivers that are not referenced to a wall clock are not
   affected by issues associated with leap seconds, and no special
   accommodation is required.

   RTP implementation using a wall-clock reference is simplified by
   using a clock with a timescale that does not include leap seconds.
   IEEE 1588 [<a href="#ref-9" title="&quot;IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems&quot;">9</a>], GPS [<a href="#ref-10" title="&quot;Systems Engineering &amp; Integration Interface Specification&quot;">10</a>], and other systems that use a TAI [<a href="#ref-11" title="&quot;International Atomic Time&quot;">11</a>]
   reference do not include leap seconds.  NTP time, operating system
   clocks, and other systems using a UTC reference include leap seconds.

   Note that some TAI-based systems such as IEEE 1588 and GPS, in
   addition to the TAI reference clock, deliver TAI to UTC mapping
   information.  By combining the delivered TAI reference clock and the
   mapping information, some receivers of these systems are able to
   synthesize a leap-second-bearing UTC reference clock.  For the
   purposes of this document, it is important to recognize that it is
   the timescale used, not the delivery mechanism that determines
   whether a reference clock is leap-second bearing.



<span class="grey">Gross &amp; van Brandenburg      Standards Track                    [Page 5]</span></pre>
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     +-------------------------+---------------------+---------------+
     | Reference clock type    | Examples            | Accommodation |
     +-------------------------+---------------------+---------------+
     | None                    | Self clocking       | None needed   |
     | Non-leap-second-bearing | IEEE 1588, GPS, TAI | None needed   |
     | Leap-second-bearing     | NTP                 | Recommended   |
     +-------------------------+---------------------+---------------+

                     Table 2: Recommendations Summary

   All participants generating or consuming timestamps associated with a
   leap-second-bearing reference MUST recognize leap seconds and SHOULD
   have a working communications channel to receive notifications of
   leap-second scheduling.  A working communication channel includes a
   protocol means of notifying clocks of an impending leap second such
   as the Leap Indicator in the NTP header [<a href="#ref-8" title="&quot;Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification&quot;">8</a>] and also a means for top-
   tier clocks to receive leap-second schedule information published by
   the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service [<a href="#ref-12" title="&quot;Bulletin C - Product metadata&quot;">12</a>].

   Such a communications channel may not be available on all networks.
   For security or other reasons, leap-second schedules may be
   configured manually for some networks or clocks.  When a device does
   not reliably receive leap-second scheduling information, failures as
   described in <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a> may occur.

   Because of the timestamp ambiguity that positive leap seconds can
   introduce and the inconsistent manner in which different systems
   accommodate positive leap seconds, generating or using NTP timestamps
   during the entire last second of a day on which a positive leap
   second has been scheduled SHOULD be avoided.  Note that the period to
   be avoided has a real-time duration of two seconds.  In the Table 1
   example, the region to be avoided is indicated by RTP timestamps
   12000 through 28000

   Negative leap seconds do not introduce timestamp ambiguity or other
   complications.  No special treatment is needed to avoid ambiguity
   with respect to RTP timestamps in the presence of a negative leap
   second.

   POSIX clocks that use a warping technique to accommodate leap seconds
   (e.g., [<a href="#ref-4" title="&quot;Time, technology and leaping seconds&quot;">4</a>] [<a href="#ref-5" title="&quot;Coordinated Universal Time with Smoothed Leap Seconds (UTC-SLS)&quot;">5</a>]) are not a good choice for an interoperable timestamp
   reference and SHOULD not be used to timestamp RTP streams.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.1" href="#section-5.1">5.1</a>.  Sender Reports</span>

   In order to avoid generating or using NTP timestamps during positive
   leap seconds, RTP senders and receivers need to avoid sending or
   using sender reports to synchronize their clocks in the vicinity of a



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   leap second and instead rely on their internal clocks to maintain
   synchronization until the leap second has passed.

   RTP Senders using a leap-second-bearing reference for timestamps
   SHOULD NOT generate sender reports containing an originating NTP
   timestamp in the vicinity of a positive leap second.  To maintain a
   consistent RTCP schedule and avoid the risk of unintentional
   timeouts, such senders MAY send receiver reports in place of sender
   reports in the vicinity of the leap second.

   For the purpose of suspending sender reports in the vicinity of a
   leap second, senders MAY assume that a positive leap second occurs at
   the end of the last day of every month.

   Receivers consuming leap-second-bearing timestamps SHOULD ignore
   timestamps in any sender reports generated in the vicinity of a
   positive leap second.

   For the purpose of ignoring sender reports in the vicinity of a leap
   second, receivers MAY assume that a positive leap second occurs at
   the end of the last day of every month.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-5.2" href="#section-5.2">5.2</a>.  RTP Packet Playout</span>

   Receivers consuming leap-second-bearing timestamps SHOULD take both
   positive and negative leap seconds in the reference into account to
   determine the playout time based on RTP timestamps for data in RTP
   packets.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>.  Security Considerations</span>

   RTP streams using a wall-clock reference as discussed here present an
   additional attack vector compared to self-clocking streams.
   Manipulation of the wall clock at either the sender or receiver can
   potentially disrupt streaming.

   For an RTP stream operating to a leap-second-bearing reference to
   operate reliably across a leap second, the sender and receiver must
   both be aware of the leap second.  It is possible to disrupt a stream
   by blocking or delaying leap second notification to one of the
   participants.  Streaming can be similarly affected if one of the
   participants can be tricked into believing a leap second has been
   scheduled where there is not one.  These vulnerabilities are present
   in <a href="/doc/html/rfc3550">RFC 3550</a> [<a href="#ref-1" title="&quot;RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications&quot;">1</a>] and these new recommendations neither heighten nor
   diminish them.  Integrity of the leap-second schedule is the
   responsibility of the operating system and time distribution
   mechanism, both of which are outside the scope of <a href="/doc/html/rfc3550">RFC 3550</a> [<a href="#ref-1" title="&quot;RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications&quot;">1</a>] and
   these recommendations.



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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>.  Acknowledgements</span>

   The authors would like to thank Steve Allen for his valuable comments
   that helped to improve this document.

<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>.  References</span>

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1" href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>.  Normative References</span>

   [<a id="ref-1">1</a>]   Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.  Jacobson,
         &quot;RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications&quot;, STD 64,
         <a href="/doc/html/rfc3550">RFC 3550</a>, July 2003.

   [<a id="ref-2">2</a>]   Bradner, S., &quot;Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels&quot;, <a href="/doc/html/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="/doc/html/rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.

<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.2" href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>.  Informative References</span>

   [<a id="ref-3">3</a>]   IEEE, &quot;Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)&quot;, IEEE
         Standard 1003.1-2008, December 2008,
         &lt;<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1003.1-2008.html">http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1003.1-2008.html</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-4">4</a>]   Google, Inc., &quot;Time, technology and leaping seconds&quot;, September
         2011, &lt;<a href="https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html">http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/</a>
         <a href="https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html">time-technology-and-leaping-seconds.html</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-5">5</a>]   Kuhn, M., &quot;Coordinated Universal Time with Smoothed Leap
         Seconds (UTC-SLS)&quot;, Work in Progress, January 2006.

   [<a id="ref-6">6</a>]   ITU, &quot;Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions&quot;, ITU-R
         TF.460-6, February 2002,
         &lt;<a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460/">http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460/</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-7">7</a>]   ITU, &quot;The future of the UTC time scale&quot;, Question ITU-R 236/7,
         February 2012, &lt;<a href="http://www.itu.int/pub/R-QUE-SG07.236-2001">http://www.itu.int/pub/R-QUE-SG07.236-2001</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-8">8</a>]   Mills, D., Martin, J., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch, &quot;Network Time
         Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification&quot;, <a href="/doc/html/rfc5905">RFC</a>
         <a href="/doc/html/rfc5905">5905</a>, June 2010.

   [<a id="ref-9">9</a>]   IEEE, &quot;IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization
         Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems&quot;, IEEE
         Standard 1588-2008, July 2008,
         &lt;<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1588-2008.html">http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1588-2008.html</a>&gt;.







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<span class="grey"><a href="/doc/html/rfc7164">RFC 7164</a>                  RTP and Leap Seconds                March 2014</span>


   [<a id="ref-10">10</a>]  Global Positioning Systems Directorate, &quot;Systems Engineering &amp;
         Integration Interface Specification&quot;, September 2011,
         &lt;<a href="http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/IS-GPS-200F.pdf">http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/IS-GPS-200F.pdf</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-11">11</a>]  Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, &quot;International
         Atomic Time&quot;, Navstar GPS Space Segment/Navigation User Segment
         Interfaces IS-GPS-200,
         &lt;<a href="http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/tai.html">http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/tai.html</a>&gt;.

   [<a id="ref-12">12</a>]  IERS Earth Orientation Centre, &quot;Bulletin C - Product metadata&quot;,
         &lt;<a href="https://datacenter.iers.org/web/guest/eop/-/somos/5Rgv/product/16">http://datacenter.iers.org/web/guest/eop/-/somos/5Rgv/</a>
         <a href="https://datacenter.iers.org/web/guest/eop/-/somos/5Rgv/product/16">product/16</a>&gt;.

Authors&#x27; Addresses

   Kevin Gross
   AVA Networks
   Boulder, CO
   US

   EMail: kevin.gross@avanw.com


   Ray van Brandenburg
   TNO
   Brassersplein 2
   Delft  2612CT
   the Netherlands

   Phone: +31-88-866-7000
   EMail: ray.vanbrandenburg@tno.nl




















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